Question: If the concentration difference between the inside and outside of the cell is maintained, the flow of ions will eventually stop.
Answer: True
Question: Another term for equilibrium potential that exactly opposes the ion gradient is ________.
Answer: equilibrium potential
Question: Is the study of bioelectricity related to the connectivity and mechanisms for information flow along neural circuits?
Answer: True
Question: What did Luigi Galvani discover in the 1700s related to bioelectricity?
Chemical neurotransmitters
Electrical synapses
Bioelectricity causing frog legs to twitch
Answer: Bioelectricity causing frog legs to twitch
Question: Julius Bernstein developed the __________, which was used to sample membrane voltage in microsecond scale.
Answer: differential rheotome
Question: Describe the function of the GCaMP protein in optical recording.
Answer: GCaMP is a calcium indicator that increases fluorescence when Ca2+ levels rise, allowing for the visualization of action potentials in cells.
Question: Is the patch-clamp technique used to record voltage/ion fluxes across the cell membrane?
Answer: True
Question: Which scientists are credited with the development of the voltage-clamp technique?
Hodgkin, Huxley, Cole
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
Julius Bernstein
Answer: Hodgkin, Huxley, Cole
Question: The engineered protein GCaMP increases fluorescence when ________ levels rise.
Answer: Ca2+
Question: Explain the function of intracellular sharp electrodes in electrophysiological recording.
Answer: Intracellular sharp electrodes record voltage/ion fluxes across the cell membrane.
Question: Is the study of bioelectricity related to both electrical and chemical signaling in the nervous system?
Answer: True
Question: What is the main benefit of using optical recording techniques in studying bioelectricity?
Visualizing action potentials
Measuring neurotransmitter release
Recording membrane potentials
Answer: Visualizing action potentials
Question: Is bioelectricity the study of movement of charged particles through conductors?
Answer: False
Question: What is the main tool for imaging neural activity mentioned in the lecture?
Voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes
Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators
Optogenetics
Answer: Voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes
Question: __________ responds to light by allowing for ion flow in optogenetics.
Answer: Opsins
Question: Explain the concept of conductance in relation to electricity.
Answer: Conductance is the ease with which charged particles can flow through a conductor, measured in siemens.
Question: Is Ohm's law only applicable to conductors?
Answer: False
Question: What is the unit for resistance in Ohm's law?
Coulombs
Volts
Ohms
Answer: Ohms
Question: The energy for charge movement in electricity is the ____________.
Answer: Voltage
Question: Describe the role of ion channels in bioelectricity.
Answer: Ion channels act as conductors/resistors across cell membranes, allowing for the flow of current based on ion concentration gradients.
Question: Is the cell membrane considered a capacitor in the context of bioelectricity?
Answer: True
Question: What separates the conductive plates in a capacitor?
Insulator
Conductor
Semiconductor
Answer: Insulator
Question: Is it correct that a capacitor can hold charges?
Answer: True
Question: What is the equation that describes the ability of a capacitor to hold charges?
C = q/I
C = q/V
C = V/I
Answer: C = q/V
Question: A system with large capacitance can store a lot of charge per unit __________.
Answer: volt
Question: Describe the purpose of the capacitor in a circuit diagram of an excitable cell.
Answer: The capacitor in the circuit diagram of an excitable cell is charged by ion gradients across the cell membrane and holds the membrane voltage.
Question: Is it true that the resting membrane potential represents a difference in charge across the cell membrane?
Answer: True
Question: Which ion is key in establishing the resting membrane potential?
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Answer: K+
Question: In all living cells, K+ is more abundant ________ than outside.
Answer: inside
Question: Explain how ions can be moved through a conductor in a cellular environment.
Answer: Ions can be moved through a conductor in a cellular environment by electrical potential energy (voltage) and diffusion along concentration gradients.
Question: Is it true that sea water animals have more than double the ion concentrations compared to fresh water and land animals?
Answer: True
Question: What contributes to the establishment of the necessary ion concentration gradients in cells?
Ion pumps
Exchangers
Both ion pumps and exchangers
Answer: Both ion pumps and exchangers
Question: In kinetic energy terms (diffusion), in which direction will the ions travel?
Answer: inside
Question: Which ions control the membrane voltage (Vm)?
Na+
K+
Both Na+ and K+
Answer: Both Na+ and K+
Question: Voltage at which K+ ceases to flow along its concentration gradient a.k.a. If the K+ gradient is maintained by pumps/exchangers, it will continue to flow is ________.
Answer: EK
Question: What is the Nernst equation used for in the context of membrane potential?
Answer: The Nernst equation defines the membrane voltage for a given ion concentration gradient where no net ion movement occurs.