Question: Is electrical signalling a key aspect of the study of bioelectricity?
Answer: True
Question: Which type of potentials are part of electrical signalling in the nervous system?
Graded potentials
Action potentials
Both Graded and Action potentials
Answer: Both Graded and Action potentials
Question: Julius Bernstein developed the __________ to sample membrane voltage in a microsecond scale.
Answer: differential rheotome
Question: What is the purpose of using GCaMP in optical recording?
Answer: GCaMP is used as a calcium indicator to increase fluorescence when Ca2+ levels rise, allowing for the visualization of action potentials.
Question: Is the voltage-clamp technique associated with Hodgkin, Huxley, and Cole?
Answer: True
Question: Which paradigms are used for electrophysiological recording?
Extracellular recording
Intracellular sharp electrodes
Both Extracellular recording and Intracellular sharp electrodes
Answer: Both Extracellular recording and Intracellular sharp electrodes
Question: The engineered protein GCaMP increases fluorescence when __________ levels rise.
Answer: Ca2+
Question: What is the function of Whole-cell patch electrodes in electrophysiological recording?
Answer: Whole-cell patch electrodes are used to record voltage/ion fluxes across the cell membrane and allow for changes in intracellular saline.
Question: Is Erwin Neher associated with the development of the patch-clamp technique?
Answer: True
Question: What are the main methods for recording electrical activity in the nervous system?
Extracellular recording
Intracellular sharp electrodes
Whole-cell patch electrodes
All of the above
Answer: All of the above
Question: In bioelectricity, is the movement of charged particles referred to as current?
Answer: True
Question: What are the charged particles that move through aqueous solutions?
Electrons
Cations
Anions
Answer: Cations
Question: What is the unit for current?
Answer: Amperes (A)
Question: Describe the relationship between current, voltage, and conductance according to Ohm's law.
Answer: Ohm's law defines the relationships between current, voltage, and conductance in a circuit.
Question: In bioelectricity, is the cell membrane considered a resistor?
Answer: True
Question: What is the key concept of a circuit diagram of an excitable cell related to voltage?
Conductor/resistor
Capacitor
Voltage source
Answer: Voltage source
Question: What is the definition of a capacitor?
Answer: A capacitor consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulator.
Question: Explain the role of ion channels in bioelectricity.
Answer: Ion channels act as conductors/resistors across the cell membrane, producing current when a voltage is applied.
Question: In bioelectricity, is the cytoplasm considered a conductor?
Answer: True
Question: What are ion channels selective for?
Cations
Anions
Both cations and anions
Answer: Both cations and anions
Question: Is the ability of a capacitor to hold charges described by the equation C = q/V?
Answer: True
Question: What unit is capacitance measured in?
Coulombs
Volts
Farads
Answer: Farads (F)
Question: The membrane voltage is effectively the voltage across the membrane ________.
Answer: capacitor
Question: What determines the membrane conductance/resistance in a cell?
Answer: The various ion channels present in the cell membrane
Question: Is the resting membrane potential (RMP) the membrane voltage when the neuron/cell is at rest?
Answer: True
Question: What contributes to establishing the resting membrane potential?
Ion concentration gradients
Temperature fluctuations
Light intensity
Answer: Ion concentration gradients
Question: K+ is more abundant ________ than outside in living cells.
Answer: inside
Question: What role do pumps and exchangers play in maintaining ion concentrations in a cell?
Answer: They shuffle ions across the membrane against their gradients
Question: Is the ratio of K+ more abundant inside than outside in sea water animals similar to fresh water and land animals?
Answer: True
Question: What provides the total energy for moving ions in an aqueous cellular environment?
Membrane voltage (Vm)
Random kinetic energy
Gravity
Answer: Membrane voltage (Vm)
Question: In kinetic energy terms (diffusion), in which direction will ions travel if the membrane voltage is negative inside compared to outside?
Answer: inside
Question: If you could manipulate the voltage to enhance the flow of ions to the outside, what would you be affecting?
Ion concentration gradient
Channel proteins
Membrane permeability
Answer: Ion concentration gradient
Question: The Nernst equation defines the membrane voltage for a given ion concentration gradient where no net ion movement occurs, known as _________ potential.
Answer: equilibrium
Question: What does the Nernst equation integrate to determine the equilibrium potential for an ion?
Answer: The valence of the ion, temperature, and the gas constant
Question: In the squid, is the resting membrane potential the voltage at which K+ ceases to flow along its concentration gradient?
Answer: True
Question: Which ion's equilibrium potential is closest to the resting membrane potential in most neurons and muscle cells?